Estimating in Building Construction

401(k), 58 A Abbreviations electrical, 216 HVAC, 222 plumbing, 219 Acceptance, project, 14 Accessories concrete, 108 drywall, 201–202 masonry, 133 wetwall, 207 Accident history, 58 Accountant, 43, 57 Accounting, 12–13 system, 51, 53 Accurate, 2 ACI, 111–112 Acoustical doors, 192 plaster, 204 treatment, 143 Activity list, 47–48 Add price, 25 Addenda, 8, 23–26, 30, 92 Adhesives, flooring, 208 Admixtures, 92 Advertisement for bids, 8, 9, 21 Advertising, 43 AGC, 8 Aggregates, 92, 110, 115–116, 178, 182 Agreement, 8, 11–14 cost-plus-fee, 13 fixed price, 12, 14, 25 lease, 64 lump sum, 12, 14, 25 owner/contractor, 7, 18, 22, 24 stipulated sum, 12, 14, 25 unit price, 12–13 AIA, 11, 24 Air-conditioning, 221–223 Air distribution in ceilings, 199 ducts in metal deck, 142 AISC, 136 Allowances, 18, 51, 57 Alternates, 11–12, 14, 25 Aluminum windows, 187 American Concrete Institute, 111–112 American Institute of Architects, 11, 24 American Institute of Steel Construction, 136 American Plywood Association, 173 American Society for Testing and Materials, 121, 126, 128 American Society of Professional Estimators, 39 Anchor bolts, 108 Anchors, 108 Angle iron, 132, 136 of repose, 81 steel, 132, 136 Appliances, 227 Apprentice program, 57–58 Architect, 4–5, 8, 11, 13–14, 21, 24–31, 36, 43, 45–46, 49, 66, 88, 92, 111–112, 121–122, 126, 129, 167, 182, 184, 196, 210–211, 221, 224 Arch, laminated, 172 Area, 78–79 equations, 244 Asphalt paving, 40, 75, 90–91 roofing, 182 shingles, 181 waterproofing, 175, 177 Assembly, 30, 39 estimating, 2–4, 230–232 Associated General Contractors, 8 Association dues, 43 ASTM, 121, 126, 128 Attic access, 165 Average end area, 76–78 B Back charge, 50 Backfill, 85–87 Backhoes, 67, 80, 87 Bank materials, 67 Bar chart schedule, 28, 30, 45, 47 Barricades, 31, 47, 49, 50 Base for asphalt, 75 bid, 25 coat plaster, 204 course, 90 rubber, 209 vinyl, 209 wall, 209 wood, 169 Basement excavation, 81–84 Bath tub, 218 Bathroom, 54 Beam concrete, 92, 109, 111 engineered wood, 146 laminated, 172 precast, 115, 117 steel, 136 wood, 146 Bearing plates steel, 136 Bell, volume of, 95 Benefits, 51 Best value, 7 Bid award of, 23–24 base, 25 best, 6, 24 bond, 15, 24, 51 competitive, 7 date, 31 261262 INDEX Bid (continued) deadline, 6 decision to, 29 documents, 8 form, 18, 23–24 information, 8 lowest, 6, 24 lump-sum, 7 negotiated, 7, 12, 14 peddling, 32 rejection of, 23–24 security, 15, 24, 51 shopping, 32 tabulation, 33 time, 31 too low, 219 types, 7 unit price, 7 unsolicited, 32 Bill materials, 51 of sale, 14 Billable hours, 57–58 Bituminous roofing, 180 Blanket insulation, 202 Blasting, 88 Block lintels, 190 patterns, 120 Board feet (board measure), 145–146, 173, 207–208 Bodily injury, 58 Bolts door, 194 Bond, 2, 14–16, 18 bid, 15, 24, 51 capacity, 29 labor, 15 license, 15 maintenance, 51 materials, 15 obtaining, 15–16 patterns, 119–121 payment, 15, 18, 51 performance, 15, 18, 51 permit, 15, 51 requirements, 8, 21–22, 31 roofing, 182 subcontractors, 15 Bonus, 13–14 Bookkeeper, 43 Borrow, 87 Bracing excavation, 66, 81 steel, 136 Brick labor hours, 127 number required, 127 patterns, 121 sill, 189 specifications, 125–126 stool, 190 workup sheet, 126 Bridging metal, 139 in wood floors, 154 Brown coat plaster, 204 Buck, door, 193 Budget, 13, 28 over, 13 owner’s, 3 Builder’s risk insurance, 16 Building code, 119, 161, 167, 218, 221 paper, 181 permits, 46 Built-up roofing, 142, 182 Bulldozers, 67, 80–81, 85, 87 Bulletproof door, 192 Bush hammered, 109 Business failure, 224 Butts, 194 C Cabinet fire extinguisher, 196 medicine, 196 Cabinetry, 227 Calculations, 39 Calendar days, 14, 23, 48 Camera, 51 Cants, roofing, 180, 182 Capital investment, 62 Carborundum rubbing, 109 Carpentry, rough, 145, 227 Carpet, 210, 227 labor productivity, 210 protection of, 46 specifications, 210 subcontractors, 210 Cash equivalents, 51, 57 Casing, 94 Caulking roofing, 182 Ceiling fire rating, 199 joist, 164, 196 suspended, 199 wood, 164–166 Cement, 92, 129, 178, 204 roofing, 182 waterproofing, 177 Certificate of payment, 14 Chair rail, wood, 169 Change order, 12, 25 Channel metal, 196 steel, 136 Checklist, 34 concrete, 114 door and frame, 194 drywall, 207 electrical, 215, 217 flooring, 212 HVAC, 222–223 masonry, 135 metal, 144 painting, 212 plumbing, 220 roofing, 185 wetwall, 207 wood, 173 Clamshells, 67 Clarifications, 27 Clause, penalty, 11 Clay masonry, 125, 133 Cleaning, 24, 50 masonry, 133 service, 46 Cleanup, 46, 54, 227 Clientele, 226 Climatic conditions, 54 Clock hour, 55 Closer, 194 Coat brown, 204 finish, 204 scratch, 204 Coffee breaks, 54 Cold weather, 134 Collar ties, 167 Column concrete, 92, 109, 111 fireproofing, 201 precast, 115, 117 steel, 136, 231 Commencement, project, 23 Communication equipment, 44 Commute, 48 Compaction, 67, 85 equipment, 68 Company vehicle, 43 Competition tracking, 224 Competitive bid, 7, 12, 21 Completion date, 11, 23 time, 14 Computer, 6, 10, 18, 38–42, 44, 49, 51 benefits, 38–39 dangers, 38–39 literate, 6 savvy, 38 Conceptual estimate, 2–3 Concrete, 92–118, 215 accessories, 108 beams, 109, 111 block, 120–121 fire rating, 121–122 specifications, 121 buggies, 111 checklist, 114 chilled water, 110 chutes, 111 color, 92 column, 111 curb, 55 curing, 92, 110–111 field-mixed, 116INDEX fill, 116 finish, 116 finishing, 108–110 floor slab, 81 footings, 112 forms, 111–114 girders, 109 heating of, 110–111 job-mixed, 92 light-weight, 227 masonry, 120–125, 133 mixer, 118 patching, 108 pavement, 40 precast, 114–118, 215 pump, 111 ready-mix, 92, 116 slab, 99–112, 227 strength, 92, 116 summary sheet, 101 testing, 92 topping, 116–117, 215 type, 92 walls, 109, 111–112 water resistance, 176 Conditions weather, 28, 54 working, 54 Conduit electrical, 214–215 in metal studs, 197 Constructability, 12 Construction management firm, 11 manager, 2, 4, 8 methods, 2, 5 planning, 6 safety, 81 team, 3 type, 29 Construction Specifications Institute, 18–20, 25, 34 Contingency, 18, 48 Continuous footing, 93–94, 96 Contour lines, 68 Contract, 5, 8, 11–14 cost-plus-fee, 13 documents, 7–8, 11–12, 28–29, 46 execution date, 14 expires, 57 fixed price, 12, 14, 25 lease, 64 lump sum, 12, 14, 25 negotiations, 2, 47 owner/contractor, 7, 18, 22, 24 separate, 11, 66 single, 11–12, 66 stipulated sum, 12, 14, 25 sum, 14 Contractor (general/prime), 5, 9, 11–15, 18, 24–25, 27, 32, 34, 45–48, 214–215, 218 speciality/subcontractor, 1, 4–5, 11, 25, 28, 31–33, 45–47, 50 advantages, 32 carpet, 210 disadvantage, 32 door, 192 drywall, 201, 203 excavating, 40, 87–88 electrical, 214–215 flooring, 209 framing, 169 HVAC, 215, 221 masonry, 134 metal deck, 143 joist, 139 painting, 211–212 pile, 89 plaster, 205 plumbing, 215 proposals, 28 roofing, 180–182, 185 steel deck, 143 tile, 211 waterproofing, 176 wetwall, 205 window, 188–189 subdrains, 90 subfloor, 155 wood, 208 Control joints, masonry, 129 Conversion factors, 243–244 Conveyors, 111 Cooler door, 192 Coordination, 215–216, 220–222 Coping, masonry, 132 Cork underlayment, 208 Corner, wood walls, 157 Cornices wood, 169 Corrugated metal sheets, 183 Cost accounting, 10, 18, 64 control procedures, 51 evaluation, 4 freight, 63 mobilization, 61 operating, 61–62 ownership, 63–64 plant, 28 standard, 39 Cost-plus contract, 45 Cost-plus-fee agreement, 13 Counter tops, 227 Cove base, 209 CPA, 43 Craft personnel, 9, 32, 54 Crane, 49, 54, 65, 111, 117, 129, 132, 142–143, 171 Credit, 15 Crew, 39, 59–60 Cross-section method, 69–76 Curbs roof, 180, 182 263 Curing, 92, 110–111 Curtain wall, 187 productivity rates, 189 Cut and fill workup sheet, 68, 74–75 Cut, excavation, 67–70, 72–74, 76–78, 81, 87 Cut stone, protecting, 50 Cycle time analysis, 55 D Dampproofing, 175, 177 Data entry, 38 historical, 9, 53 Database, 6, 10, 28, 39–40 Davis-Bacon wages, 57 Days calendar, 14 working, 14 Decking steel, 136, 142–143 wood, 154, 172–173 laminated, 173 Deduct price, 25 Delays, 28 Delivery, 33, 54 dates, 5 Demand charge, power, 50 Dental insurance, 58 Deposit, 8, 22 Depreciation, 62 Design-bid-build, 1, 7–8 Design-build, 2, 4, 8 Designer, 6 Detailed estimate, 2, 30, 226 Details, structural, 93 Developers, 5, 13 Dewatering, 88 Diamond lath, 206 Direct cost, 43 field costs, 1, 5 Discrepancies, 36 Dishwasher, 218 Dodge Reports, 8 Donation, 43 Door, 186–195 acoustical, 192 buck, 193 bulletproof, 192 checklist, 194 cooler, 192 fire rating, 190–192, 194 folding, 192 frames, 193 freezer, 192 hand, 191 heads, 194 jambs, 194 machining, 192 metal, 227 moldings, 190 overhead, 192264 INDEX Door (continued) prefinished, 192 productivity rate, 193 revolving, 192 schedule, 192 shop drawings, 192 subcontractor, 192 swing, 191 trim, 190 wood, 227 Double-check, 31 Double tee, 115–116, 215 Drawings, 5–6, 8–9, 11–12, 14, 18, 22–23, 27, 30–31, 36, 48, 224 electrical, 215 electronic, 40–41 floor, 93 mechanical, 30, 215 plot, 93 reflected ceiling, 199 room, 8 site, 93 structural, 30, 136 working, 1, 8 Dressed, 145 Drilled piers, 94–96 reinforcing, 104 Drilling, 88 Drinking water, 46, 54 Driveways, 93 Drop sill, 192 Drywall, 200, 227, 230 accessories, 201–202 checklist, 207 joint compound, 202 labor productivity, 203 nails, 202 partitions, 201 screws, 202 specifications, 196, 200–201 subcontractors, 201, 203 tape, 202 trim, 201–202 Dumbwaiter, 192 Dump truck, 87, 90 Dust control, 24, 49 E Earthwork, 40 Economies of scale, 226 Efficiency, system, 54 EIFS, 205 Electric line, 50 Electrical, 32, 214–217, 227 abbreviations, 216 in ceilings, 206 checklist, 215, 217 conduit, 214–215 fixture hanger, 215 in metal joists, 138 plans, 215 in plaster, 204 in precast, 116–117 subcontractor, 11, 46, 214–215 symbols, 216 transformer, 215 in walls, 196 wiring, 214–215 Electricity, 43, 45, 61 Elevations, 30, 69–71 Elevator, 49 Employee exempt, 43 nonexempt, 43 salaried, 43 Employer’s Tax Guide, 57 Enclosures temporary, 24 Engineer, 4–5, 8, 14, 21, 24–31, 36, 43, 46, 51, 66–67, 88, 92, 111–112, 115, 121–122, 126, 129, 167, 182, 184, 196, 210–211, 221, 224 Engineered wood beam, 146 Engineering News Record, 8 Equipment, 1–2, 30, 34, 61–65 adequate, 54 available, 29 cleaning, 64 desired, 31 erection, 65 excavation, 67, 79–80 insurance, 64 maintenance, poor, 64 material-handling, 61 operating costs, 61–62 overhaul, 63 owned, 31 ownership costs, 63–64 rental cost, 64 rented, 31 selection poor, 64 taxes, 64 well-maintained, 54 Erection, 134 Erector, steel, 136 Error, 7, 28, 31, 34, 36, 39 calculation, 38 cost of, 1 multiple, 38 Escalation price, 48 Estimate, 28–37 assembly, 2–4, 230–232 changes to, 34 concepts of, 39 conceptual, 2–3 definition of, 1 detailed, 2, 30, 226 efficiency of, 38 final, 4 method, appropriate, 226 model, 3 notebook, 28–29 organization, 28 parametric, 3 planning, 28 poor, 48 preliminary, 2–4, 10 printing, 39 process, 29, 39 project comparison, 4, 226–227 quality, 38 reports custom, 39 responsibilities, 28 sheet, 40 speed, 38 square-foot, 3–4, 227–230 Estimating opportunities, 4 software, 28, 31, 39–40 Estimator, 34, 43 freelance, 5–6 training of, 6 Excavation, 66–91 checklist, 88–89 general, 81 special, 85 subcontractors, 40 Excel, 39, 246 Excess soil, 87 Exclusions, 33 Expanded metal, 102 Expansion joint covers, 108, 144 fillers, 108 roof, 180 Experience, 53 modifier, 58 record, 15 Expert, 4 Exposed aggregate, 109 Exterior finish material, 30 Exterior insulation and finish system, 205 F Fabricator, steel, 136 Failure, business, 224 Fair Labor Standards Act, 43 Fascia wood, 169 Feasibility, project, 47 Federal Insurance Contribution Act, 57 Federal regulations, 32 unemployment, 51, 57–58 Federal Unemployment Tax Act, 57–58 Fee fixed 13 Percentage, 13 Felt, 175 roofing, 180–182, 184 Fences, 31 45 Fertilizer, 87 Fiber blocking, 180 tube, 112 Fiberboard, 162 FICA, 57INDEX Field engineer, 51 measurements, 12 reports, 64 staff, 45 supervision, 64 Fill, excavation, 67–74, 76–77, 87 Final payment, 14 Financial reports, 15 Finish carpentry, 227 coat, 204 grade, 75, 87 room schedule, 209 Finishes, 196–213 level of, 226 Fire-extinguisher cabinets, 196 Fireplace, 165 Fireproofing, columns, 201 Fire rating ceilings, 199 concrete block, 121 door, 190–192, 194 glass, 195 masonry, 119 precast slab, 116 Form bid, 18, 23–24 proposal, 18, 23–24 First aid, 49 Fixed fee, 13 with bonus, 13 with guaranteed maximum cost, 13 with penalty, 13 price agreement, 12, 14, 25 Fixture hanger, electrical, 215 Flashing masonry, 122, 126, 130 roof, 180, 182–184 stone masonry, 129 stucco, 204 tile, 128 window, 190 Floor framing, 146–155 joist wood, 146, 148–150 openings, 151–153 planks, precast, 115 plans, 93 slab, 81, 92, 109, 111–112 Flooring, 207–211 checklist, 212 laminate, 208 protecting, 50 resilient, 208, 210 sketch of, 209 specifications, 209 subcontractor, 209 wood, 207 workup sheet, 155 F.O.B., 143 Folding door, 192 partition, 192 Footing, 92–93, 105, 112, 227, 109 continuous, 93–94, 96 labor cost, 107 excavation, 81, 84–85 spread, 94, 96 workup sheet, 96 Forepersons, 28, 45 Forklift, 61, 111, 134 Form, 81, 108, 111–114 fiber tube, 112 foundation wall, 113 gang, 112 liners, 113–114 metal, 112 slip, 112 wood, 112 Formed pier, 96 Formulas, 34 Foundation, 96–97, 105, 112, 177, 227 excavation, 85 forms, 113 reinforcing, 102–103 workup sheet, 97–98 Frame construction, 145 door, 193 Framing, 179 floors, 146–155 labor, 169 hours, 170 subcontractors, 169 wood wall, 156–164 Freeformed roof, 184 Freezer door, 192 Freight, 33 cost, 63 Fringe benefits, 56 Front-end loaders, 67, 80–81, 85, 87 Frontend loading, 14 Fuel, 61, 63–64 consumption, 61 Furnisher, 44 Furring, 196 metal, 197–198 roof, 184 wood, 198–199 Fusible link door, 192 FUTA, 57–58 G Gang forms, 112 Garbage disposal, 218 General conditions, 1, 7–8, 18, 24, 31 contractor, 5, 9, 11–15, 18, 24–25, 27, 32, 34, 45–48, 214–215, 218 liability insurance, 58 overhead, 43–44 analysis, 44 Geometry, 6 Girder, 92 concrete, 109 wood, 146 Glass, 30, 189, 194–195 fire rating, 195 Glazing, 189–190 G-max, 13 Government, 5 Grade beams, 97–98 reinforcing, 105 workup sheet, 97–98 finish, 75 Graders, 81 Grading, 55, 87 Granite protecting, 50 Grates, metal, 143 Gravel, 227 Grease, 61–62 Grills door, 190 rolling, 192 window, 189 Groundwater, 66 Guaranteed maximum cost, 13 Gypsum plaster lath, 206 tile, 207 wallboard, 200 H Hand excavation, 67, 85 Handling, materials, 48 Handrails, metal, 143 Hangers, plumbing, 218 Hardboard subfloor, 208 Hardener, 109 Hardware, 194, 227 panic, 194 protection of, 46 schedule, 192 window, 189 Header door, 194 joist, 150–151, 153, 164–165 rafter, 166–167 wood, 156, 160–163 Health insurance, 58 Heat, 43 Heating, 221–223 High-rise construction, 54 Highway excavation, 81 Hinges, 194 Hips roof, 181, 183 Historical data, 9, 53 Hoist, 49, 65, 134 towers, 61 Holiday, 48, 56, 58–59 Home office overhead, 43–44 Horsepower, 61 Hours, billable, 58 265266 INDEX Housing, 31 Hundredweight, 100 HVAC, 32, 221–223, 227 abbreviations, 222 checklist, 222–223 subcontractor, 215, 221 symbols, 222 Hydrated lime, 129 Hydration, 110 Hydraulic excavators, 81 Hydrostatic pressure, 175 I I beam, 136 IF functions, 39 I-joist, 148 Indirect field costs/indirect overhead, 1, 5–8, 18, 24, 31, 47, 224 Inflation, 226 Information for bidders, 7–8, 18, 22–24, 36 sources of, 9 In-house work, 28 Initialing, 29 Inspection costs, 33 Inspector, 49 Instructions to bidders, 7–8, 18, 22–24, 36 Insulation, 156, 178–179, 227, 230 board, 142, 162, 179 loose, 179 ridged, 175, 204 roofing, 182, 184 walls, 202, 204 Insurance, 2, 4, 16, 24, 57 benefits, 58 builder’s risk, 16 carrier, 46 dental, 58 equipment, 64 fire, 43 general liability, 58 health, 58 liability, 43, 51 life, 58 premiums, 58 required, 18, 31 theft, 43 transportation, 33 unemployment, 51, 57–58 workers’ compensation, 16 Interest, 62–63 International Plumbing Code, 218 Internet, 8, 21, 38 Intersections of wood walls, 157–158 Inventory, 54 Invitation to bid, 8, 18, 21 J Jamb, door, 194 Job conditions, 28, 39 analysis, 62 overhead, 43, 45–46, 48 remote, 54 signs, 46 site, 87 Joint compound, 202 Joist ceiling, 164, 196 spacing, 148 header, 146, 164–165 K-series, 140–141 load table, 140–141 open web, 140–141, 197 steel, 136, 138–142, 215, 231 productivity rates, 142 shapes, 139 trimmer, 164–165 wood, 148, 164, 179 K Keene cement, 204 Kickplates, 194 L labor, 1, 2, 34, 53–60 availability, 226 bond, 15 brick, 127 burden, 57–59 carpet, 210 concrete, 100 masonry, 124 finishing, 109–110 conditions, 28 continuous footing, 107 costs, 34, 48 drywall, 203 framing, 169–170 hours, 53–56, 59 local, 31 masonry, 119 painting, 212 pricing, 59 productivity, 6, 53–56 rate, 39 reinforcing, 105 resilient flooring, 210 roofing, 181, 185 strikes, 1 waterproofing, 176 windows, 187 Ladders, 49 metal, 143 Laminate flooring, 208 Laminated beams, 172 wood decks, 173 Landscape maintenance, 88 Landscaping, 87–88 Lath, 203, 205–207 diamond, 206 gypsum plaster, 206 metal, 204, 206 specifications, 206–207 wood, 207 Lavatory, 218 Lawsuits, 58 Layout, 107 Lease agreements, 64 Legal fees, 43 Level of finishes, 226 Liability insurance, 51 Licenses, 31 Life insurance, 58 Lift truck, 87, 118, 132, 134 Lighting, 199 in metal deck, 142 temporary, 215 Liners, form, 113–114 Lintels masonry, 126, 132 steel, 136 stone masonry, 129 tile, 128 window, 190 Liquid roofing, 184 Liquidated damages, 24 Living expenses, 45 Local codes, 50 Location of project, 29 Lock, 194 Lookout, 168 Loose insulation, 179 volume, 67 Losses, 25 Louver, door, 190 Lowest bid, 6, 24 Lumber, 145, 227 dressed, 145 grade, 145–146, 156 Lump-sum agreement, 12, 14, 25 bid, 7 price, 5 M Machining, doors, 192 Magazine, 43 Maintenance, 64 bond, 51 Management problems, 64 Managing resources, 54 Manhole frames and covers, 108 Manufacturers’ representatives, 5, 25, 28, 31, 33 Marble, protecting, 50 Markup, 11 Masonry, 119–135, 227 accessories, 129–133 bond patterns, 119–121 checklist, 135 clay, 125, 133 cleaning, 133 concrete, 133INDEX coping, 132 fire rating, 119 flashing, 122, 126, 130 glazed, 122, 125, 133 labor hours, 124, 133 lintels, 126, 132 reinforcing, 126, 130–131 sills, 132 specifications, 119, 129 stone, 128–129, 133 subcontractor, 134 wall ties, 122, 130, 132 weep holes, 122, 126, 131 workup sheet, 133, 135 MasterFormat, 18–20, 25, 34 Material, 1, 2, 3, 5, 18, 25, 30, 33, 34 availability, 1, 226 bill, 51 clerk, 45, 48 costs, 34 delivery, 54 handling, 6 equipment, 61 order, 4 ordering, 226 prices, 28 quote, 33 purchase, 1 storage, 45 stored, 14 substitution, 24 suppliers, 28, 31 transportation, 54 Math, 6, 39 Means Building Construction Cost Data, 55–56, 60 Means R.S., 3, 55–56, 60, 228–231 Mechanical drawings, 30 equipment startup, 50 in metal joists, 138 plans, 215 in precast, 116–117 subcontractor, 11 in walls, 196 Medicare, 51, 57 Medicine cabinets, 196 Meetings, project, 48 Metal, 136–144 channels, 196 checklist, 144 deck, 142–143 doors, 191, 227 forms, 112 furring, 197–198 grates, 143 handrails, 143 joist, 138–142 load table, 140–141 ladders, 143 lath, 204, 206 miscellaneous, 143 ornamental, 143–144 panels in window, 189 productivity rates, 142 railings, 143 roofing, 183 shapes, 139 sheets, corrugated, 183 sill, 189 specifications, 136, 138–139 stairs, 143 stool, 190 subcontractor, 139 stud, 196–198, 230 Microsoft, 39, 47, 246 Mixer concrete, 109, 118 mortar, 129 plaster, 205 Mobile phone, 45 Mobilization, 64–65, 80, 134 costs, 61 Model estimate, 3 Molding ceiling, 199 door, 190 wood, 169 Mortar, 119–120, 129 joints shapes, 121 Mullions door, 190 window, 186–187, 189 N Nails, drywall, 202 National Electrical Code (NEC), 214 Negligence, 58 Negotiated bid, 7, 12, 14 contract, 2, 47 Network diagram, 47–48 schedule, 47 New work, protecting, 50 Niche, 4 Noise control, 49 Note taking, 36 Notebook, project, 66 O Office employee, 43 equipment, 45 overhead, 224 project, 1 rent, 43 set up, 45 space, 44 staff, 4 supplies, 43 temporary, 24 Oil, 61–63 Omissions, 28, 31, 36 267 OnCenter Software, 41 On-Screen takeoff, 6, 8, 40, 41, 163 Open shop, 57 web steel joist, 140–141, 197 Opening floor, 151–153 wall, 157, 159 Operating costs, 61–62 Operator’s wages, 61 Opportunities, estimating, 4 Ordering materials, 226 Ordinances, 31 Ornamental metal, 143–144 OSB, 161, 168 OSHA standards, 81 Overhead, 2, 12, 25, 28, 31–32, 34, 43–52 doors, 192 office, 224 project, 1, 5–8, 18, 24, 31, 47, 224 Overtime, 44 Owner, 5, 8, 11, 13–14, 24, 66, 126, 129 Owner-contractor agreement, 7, 18, 22, 24 Ownership costs, 63–64 P P6, 47 Pad, 210 Padding, 208 Painting, 211–212, 227, 230 checklist, 212 labor productivity, 212 subcontractor, 211–212 waterproofing, 177 Panels, wood, 200 Panic hardware, 194 Parametric estimate, 3 Parapet wall, 132, 180 Parging, 178 Parking lot, 79 excavation, 81 Particleboard, 155 subfloor, 208 Partition drywall, 201 folding, 192 Patching concrete, 108 Pavement, 92, 109 Paving, 55 machines, 90 Paydirt, 6, 40 Payment, 11 bond, 51 certificate of, 14 final, 14 progress, 14, 16 terms, 33 Payroll, 58 taxes, 57 PCA, 111 Penalty, 11, 13–14 Per diem, 48268 INDEX Percentage fee, 13 Performance bond, 15, 51 form of, 18 Perimeter, 78–79 Permit, 4, 31 bond, 51 building, 46, 50 Personnel qualified, 29 Pest control, 49 Phone log, 28 Photographs, 46, 51 Pick-up truck, 51 Pictures, 31 Pier drilled, 94–96 excavation, 85 formed, 96 shaft, 96 Pile, 89–90 sheet, 66 subcontractor, 89 Pipe in metal studs, 197 Pitch, roof, 166, 168, 181 Plans, 5–6, 8–9, 11–12, 14, 18, 22–23, 27, 30–31, 36, 48, 224 electrical, 215 electronic, 40–41 floor, 93 mechanical, 30, 215 plot, 93 reflected ceiling, 199 room, 8 site, 93 structural, 30, 136 working, 1, 8 Plant costs, 28 Plaster, 203–204 acoustical, 204 foundation, 178 subcontractor, 205 Plastic laminate in window, 189 Plates, 136 wood, 163 Plot plan, 93 Plumber, 45 Plumbing, 32, 218–220, 227 abbreviations, 219 checklist, 220 hangers, 218 subcontractor, 215 symbols, 219 trenches, 218 in wood walls, 163 Plywood, 154–155, 161–162 subfloor, 208 system, 173 Polyvinyl chloride, 186 Portland Cement Association, 111 Postage, 43 Post-it, 47 Posttensioned, 115 Power demand charge, 50 shovels, 67, 81 temporary, 215 utilization, 61 Precast beams, 115, 117 columns, 115, 117 concrete, 114–118, 132, 215 sill, 189 stool, 190 in windows, 189 costs, 117–118 floor planks, 115 shop drawings, 117–118 slab, 116–117 tee, 115–116 wall panels, 115 Precedence diagram, 48 Prefinished doors, 192 Preliminary estimate, 2–4, 10 Presentation skills, 6 Prestressed, 117–118 Pretension, 115 Price, 7, 24 add, 25 best, 7 deduct, 25 escalation, 48 lump sum, 5 quotes, 5 unit, 5 Pricing, 38–39 labor, 59 Primavera, 47 Prime contractor, 5, 9, 11–15, 18, 24–25, 27, 32, 34, 45–48, 214–215, 218 Productivity concrete, 100 curtain wall, 189 door, 193 factor, 53–54 metal deck, 143 rate, 38–39 reinforcing, 106 standard conditions, 53 steel deck, 143 vapor retarder, 107 Professional services, 43 Profit, 7, 25, 34, 48, 224–225 margin, 1 reasonable, 219 Progress payments, 14, 16 Project comparison estimate, 4, 226–227 completed, 1, 4, 6 conceptual, 8 conditions, 31 control, 5 location, 8, 29 management, 5 manager, 45 manual, 1, 5, 8, 18–27, 30–31, 45–46, 48 meetings, 48 Microsoft, 47 notebook, 66 overhead, 1, 5–8, 18, 24, 31, 47, 224 sign, 49 size, 29–30 team, 7 Proof of purchase, 14 Property damage, 58 loss, 58 protection of, 46 Proposal, 23, 28 e-mailed, 38 form, 18, 23–24 submission of, 32 Protection of work, 50 Public right of way, 50 Pump, 45, 51 concrete, 111 Pumping, 24, 66, 88 Purchase, proof of, 14 Purchasing agent, 43 PVC, 186 Q Quantities, 28 in-place, 12 survey, 7 surveyor, 5 takeoff, 1, 12, 34 tracking, 38 Quotes, 5 R Radiant heat in plaster, 204 Rafter headers, 166–167 trimmers, 166–167 wood, 166, 179 Railings, metal, 143 Rain, 54 gutters, 227 Raises, 56 Ratios of parameters, 3 Reflected ceiling plan, 199 Regulations, government, 226 Reimbursable items, 13–14 Reimbursements, 57 Reinforcing, 100–107 area of bar, 102 bar, 100INDEX diameter, 100, 102 drilled piers, 104 epoxy coated, 100 foundation, 102–103 grade beams, 105 labor, 105 lap, 100 masonry, 126, 130–131 mesh, 116–117 number, 100 productivity rates, 106 shop fabricated, 100, 102 slab, 103–104 splice, 100, 102 steel, 34 summary sheet, 106 tile, 128 weight, 100, 102 workup sheet, 105–106 Rental cost, 45, 64 Repairs, 50, 64 adjoining structures, 50 street, 50 Reporting services, 29 Reports custom, 39 Reputation damage to, 58 professional, 13 Residential, 6 Resilient flooring, 208 tile, 209 Resources managing, 54 Responsibility of bidders, 23 Retarder, 109 Retention, 14 Retirement contributions, 58 Revolving doors, 192 Ridge, 167–168 roof, 181, 183 Ridged insulation, 175 roofing, 184 wall, 202, 204 Riprap stone, 128 Risk, 7, 11–12, 15, 18, 32, 57, 224–225 distribute, 4 Road, 76, 79 conditions, 31 grading, 55 paving, 55 striping, 55 Rock excavation, 88 Roller, 90 Rolling grills, 192 Roof cants, 180 collar ties, 167 curbs, 180, 182 felt, 182 flashing, 180, 182 freeformed, 184 hip, 181, 183 lookouts, 168 pitch, 166, 168, 181 ridge, 167–168, 181, 183 shapes, 180 sheathing, 168 slab, 109 slope, 166, 168, 181 tile, 183–184 wood, 166–168 workup sheet, 169 Roofing, 180–184, 227 asphalt, 182 bond, 182 built-up, 182 cements, 182 checklist, 185 felt, 168, 181, 184 flashing, 183–184 insulation, 182, 184 labor, 185 liquid, 184 metal, 183 productivity, 181 slate, 183 subcontractor, 180–182, 185 trim, 182–185 Rough carpentry, 145, 227 grade, 67–78, 87 R.S. Means, 3, 55–56, 60, 228–231 Rubber base, 209 R-value, 179 S Saddles, 194 Safety, 39, 58 requirements, 24 Salaries, 28, 43, 45, 224 Sale, bill of, 14 Sales price, 14 tax, 33, 39, 51, 63 Salvage value, 62 Sandblast, 108–109 Sanitary facilities, 46 Scaffolding, 34, 65, 108–109, 119, 134, 177–178, 184–185, 189, 201, 205 Scale, economies of, 226 Schedule, 7, 28, 30–31, 45, 47–49 door, 192 finish, 209 hardware, 192 network, 47 of values, 14 Scheduling program, 47 Scope of work, 1, 2, 12, 14, 33 Scrap value, 62 Scrapers, 67, 85, 87 Scratch coat, plaster, 204 Screed chairs, 108 Screens, window, 186, 189 Screws, drywall, 202 Sealer, 109–111 Secretary, 43, 48 Sections, wall, 30, 93 Security personnel, 45, 48 Separate contracts, 30, 66 electrical, 214–215 HVAC, 221 plumbing, 218, 220 Shaft, 96 Shakes, 182 Sheathing floors, 154–155 roof, 168 tongue and groove, 154 wall, 162–163 Sheet piling, 66, 81–82 Shingles asphalt, 181 wood, 181–182 Shop drawings, 5, 24 doors, 192 form, 113 precast, 117–118 reinforcing, 100 window, 186 Shoring, 24 Shrinkage, 67, 70, 87 Shrubs, 88 Sick leave, 58–59 Sidewalk, 92, 109 Siding, 227 Signal lights, 49 Signs, project, 24, 46, 49 Silicone waterproofing, 177 Sill drop, 192 masonry, 132 window, 186, 189, 227 wood, 146–148 Single contract, 66 electrical, 214–215 HVAC, 221 plumbing, 218–219 Single tee, precast 115–116 Site access, 31 drainage, 31 grades, 67–78 investigation, 81 plan, 66, 68, 84, 93 sample, 69 visit, 23, 30–31, 50 Size of project, 29–30 Sketch decking, 154 flooring, 209 roof sheathing, 168 window sill, 189 Skylights, 185 269270 INDEX Slab, 111, 227 concrete, 99–100, 109 on grade, 92–93, 109 precast, 116–117 reinforcing, 103–104 workup sheet, 100 Slander, 58 Slate roof, 183 Sleeper wood, 208 Sleeves, electrical, 215 Slip form, 55, 112 Slope, 66 roof, 166, 168, 181 Snow, 54 Social security, 51, 57 Sod, 87 Software, 6, 28, 38 inputs, 31 limits, 31, 39 maintenance, 39 modules, 39 setup, 39 use intended, 39 Soil boring, 81 conditions, 1, 24, 226 type, 66, 81, 85, 89 Sole plate, wood, 156 Sound control walls, 202 transmission, walls, 202 Space utilization, 226 Specialty contractors, 1, 4–5, 11, 25, 28, 31–33, 45–47, 50 advantages, 32 carpet, 210 disadvantage, 32 door, 192 drywall, 201, 203 electrical, 214–215 excavation, 40, 87–88 flooring, 209 framing, 169 HVAC, 215, 221 masonry, 134 metal deck, 143 joist, 139 painting, 211–212 pile, 89 plaster, 205 plumbing, 215 proposals, 28 roofing, 180–182, 185 steel deck, 143 tile, 211 waterproofing, 176 wetwall, 205 window, 188–189 subdrains, 90 subfloor, 155 wood, 208 Specifications, 5, 8, 14, 18, 25, 31, 36, 46, 224 brick, 125–126 carpet, 210 concrete block, 121 deck, 143 drywall, 196, 200–201 errors in, 26–27 excavation, 66, 79, 87–88 flooring, 209 interpretations, 27 lath, 206–207 masonry, 119, 129 metals, 136 joists, 138–139 precast, 117 stone masonry, 128 tile, 128, 211 wallboard, 200–201 waterproofing, 176 wetwall, 196, 205 wood floors, 154 wood trusses, 171 Spot elevations, 68 Spread footing, 94, 96 Spreadsheet, 36, 38–39, 246, 250–260 program, 6, 28, 34, 39 Square Foot Costs, 228–231 Square foot estimate, 3–4, 227–230 Stairs, 165 metal, 143 treads, 209 State regulations, 32 State unemployment, 51, 57–58 State Unemployment Tax Act, 57–58 Stationary, 49 Statistical relationship, 3 Steel, 227 angle, 136 beam, 136 bearing plates, 136 bracing, 136 channels, 136 column, 136, 231 decking, 136, 142–143 erector, 136 fabricator, 136 framing, 136–138 I beam, 136 joist, 136, 142, 215, 231 lath, 206 lintels, 136 plates, 136 studs, 198, 230 trusses, 136 wide flange beam, 136 Sterilization, 90 Stick construction, 164 Stipulated sum agreement, 12, 14, 25 Stockpile, 79 Stone masonry, 128, 133 patterns, 120 sill, 189 specifications, 128 veneer in window, 189 Stool window, 189–190 Storage, 25, 31, 33 materials, 14, 48, 54 shed, 54 Storefronts, 187–188 Storerooms, 48 Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan, 50 Stressed skin panels, 173 Strike, 56 Striping, 55 Structural details, 93 drawings, 30, 136 metal, 136 steel workup sheet, 138 Stucco, 204, 227 flashings, 204 Stud, 196 metal, 197–198, 230 wood, 156–161, 163, 179 Subbase course, 90 Subcontract, 1 Subcontractor, 1, 4–5, 11, 25, 28, 31–33, 45–47, 50 advantages, 32 carpet, 210 disadvantage, 32 door, 192 drywall, 201, 203 electrical, 214–215 excavation, 40, 87–88 flooring, 209 framing, 169 HVAC, 215, 221 masonry, 134 metal deck, 143 joist, 139 painting, 211–212 pile, 89 plaster, 205 plumbing, 215 proposals, 28 roofing, 180–182, 185 steel deck, 143 tile, 211 waterproofing, 176 wetwall, 205 window, 188–189 subdrains, 90 subfloor, 155 wood, 208 Summary sheet, 28, 31, 33–36 reinforcing, 106 Superintendent, 28, 31, 45–48, 111INDEX Supplementary general conditions, 8, 18, 24–25, 31, 36, 46 Supplier, 5, 11, 25 Survey, 24, 46, 51, 67 Surveyor, 51 Suspended ceiling, 199 SUTA, 57 Swell, 67, 87 Swing door, 191 SWPPP, 50 Symbols electrical, 216 HVAC, 222 plumbing, 219 System efficiency, 54, 61 T Tail beams, 150–151 Takeoff accurate, 224 quantities, 1, 12, 34 software, 40 package, 163 Tape, drywall, 202 Tar roofing, 182 waterproofing, 175, 177 Tax, 25, 33, 62 equipment, 64 property, 43 sales, 33, 39, 51, 63 Taxable income, 57 Team, construction, 3 Technical specifications, 5, 8, 14, 18, 25, 31, 36, 46, 224 brick, 125–126 carpet, 210 concrete block, 121 deck, 143 drywall, 196, 200–201 errors in, 26–27 excavation, 66, 79, 87–88 flooring, 209 interpretations, 27 lath, 206–207 masonry, 119, 129 metals, 136 joists, 138–139 precast, 117 stone masonry, 128 tile, 128, 211 wallboard, 200–201 waterproofing, 176 wetwall, 196, 205 wood floors, 154 wood trusses, 171 Tees ceiling, 199 Temporary barricades, 45 buildings, 45 enclosure, 24, 45, 48, 110, 119, 134 fence, 48 gas, 45 heat, 45–46, 49–50, 134 light, 45, 49–50, 215 office, 24, 45, 49 partitions, 49 power, 45, 49–50, 215 sheds, 48 stairs, 49 telephone, 45, 49 toilets, 46–47, 50 trailer, 47 utilities, 24, 45 water, 24, 45, 50 wiring, 215 Tension rods, 136 Terra, cotta protecting, 50 Terrazzo stool, 190 Testing, 51 concrete, 46, 92 laboratory, 51 soil, 46 Thermal and moisture protection, 175–185 Thresholds, 194, 209 Ties collar, 167 Tile ceramic, 211 gypsum, 200 metal, 200 quarry, 211 resilient, 209 roof, 183–184 sill, 189 specifications, 128, 211 stool, 190 subcontractor, 211 weep hole, 128 wood, 200 Timberline, 2, 39 Time clock, 54 of completion, 14 Timekeeper, 45, 48 Tires, 62–63 TJI, 148 Tongue and groove decking, 172 sheathing, 154 Tool shed, 45 Topping concrete, 116–117, 215 Topsoil, 79–81, 85, 87 Toweled, machine, 109 Trade journals, 21 multiple, 2 organizations, 11 personnel, 9, 32, 54 single, 2 Trailer, 47 Training workers, 58 271 Transformer, 215 base, 215 Transoms, 190 Transportation, 1, 31 Trash disposal, 50 Travel, 43, 45 time, 55 Trees, 88 Trench frames and covers, 108 HVAC, 221 machines, 67 plumbing, 218 small, 85 Trim door, 190 drywall, 201–202 roofing, 182–185 wood, 169 Trimble, 40 Trimmer joist, 150–151, 164–165 rafters, 166–167 Truck, 67, 80, 85, 87 flatbed, 51 pick-up, 51 Trusses steel, 136 wood, 164, 170–171, 196, 227 Type of soil, 66, 81, 85, 89 U UL, 191, 201 Uncertainty, 18 Underground work, 30 Underlayment, cork, 208 Underpinning, 31 Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 191, 201 Unemployment claims history, 57 insurance, 57–58 federal, 51, 57–58 state, 51, 57–58 Union, 205, 226 payments, 58 rules, 31, 50, 56–57, 110, 119, 142 wages, 56–57 Unit price, 5, 7 agreement, 12–13 renegotiated, 7 Use factor, 61 Useful life, 62–63 Utilities, 31 temporary, 24 Utilization of space, 226 V Vacation, 57–59 Value best, 7 schedule of, 14272 INDEX Vapor retarder, 107 Vehicle, 45 Veneer wood cost, 191 Ventilation, 221–223 Vermiculite, 179 Video camera, 51 Vinyl base, 209 flooring, 227 windows, 186 Visualize, 6 Volume equations, 244 W Waferboard, 154–155, 162 Wage average, 59 bare hourly, 57 burdened hourly, 57–59 operators, 61 prevailing, 56 Wagons, 67 Walks, 79, 93 stone masonry, 128 Wall base, 209 concrete, 109, 111 curtain, 187 framing, 156–164 insulation, 202 openings in, 157, 159 panels precast, 115 parapet, 132 productivity rates, 189 sections, 30, 93 sheathing, 162–163 ties masonry, 122, 130, 132 ties stone masonry, 129 wood corners, 157 wood intersections, 157–158 workup sheet, 164 Wallboard, 200 specifications, 200–201 Warranty period, 15 Water, 43 closet, 218 conditions, 81 control, 49 cooler, 218 drinking, 46 heater, 218 line, 50 resistance, 176 table, 88, 94 temporary, 24 truck, 45 Waterproofing, 175, 227 integral method, 176 labor productivity, 176 metallic method, 177 painting method, 177 specifications, 176 subcontractor, 176 Waterstop, 108 Weather, 1, 3 adverse, 54 bad, 64 conditions, 28, 54, 85, 128, 136, 226, 182 Weatherstripping, 189–190, 194 Weep holes, 122, 126 masonry, 131 tile, 128 Welded wire mesh, 100, 102 Welding metal deck, 143 precast, 117 steel, 136 Wetwall, 203–205 accessories, 207 checklist, 207 specifications, 196, 205 subcontractor, 205 Wheelbarrows, 85, 87, 134 Wide flange beam, 136 Wind, 54 Window, 186–195, 227 accessories, 189 aluminum, 187 custom-made, 186 flashing, 190 grills, 189 hardware, 189 labor productivity, 187 metal panels, 189 plastic laminate panel, 189 precast concrete panel, 189 screen, 186, 189 shop drawings, 186 sill, 186, 189, 227 stock, 186 stone veneer panel, 189 stool, 189 subcontractor, 188–189 treatments, 227 vinyl, 186 wood, 186 WinEst, 2, 39–41, 246–250 Winter construction, 46 Wire mesh, 105, 116–117 shelves, 227 Wiring electrical, 214–215 Wood, 145–174 base, 169 beam, 146 engineered, 146, 172 ceilings, 164–166 chair rail, 169 checklist, 173 cornices, 169 decking, 172–173 decks laminated, 173 doors, 190–191, 227 fascia, 169 floor bridging, 154 decking, 154 joist, 146, 148–150 sheathing, 154–155 specifications, 154 flooring, 207 protection of, 46 forms, 112 framing, 179 furring, 198–199 girder, 146 headers, 156, 160–163 I-joist, 148 joist, 179, 196 ceiling, 164 header, 146, 150–151, 153 spacing, 148 trimmer, 150–151 laminated arch, 172 lath, 207 lookouts, 168 moldings, 169 panels, 200 plates, 163 protecting, 50 rafters, 166, 179 roof, 166–168 shingles, 181–182 sill, 147–148, 189 sleepers, 208 sole plate, 156 stock length, 148 stool, 190 studs, 156–161, 163, 179, 196 trim, 169 trusses, 170–171, 196–197, 227 shapes, 171 specifications, 171 veneer, cost, 191 wall framing, 156–164 wall workup sheet, 164 windows, 186 Work actual quantity, 12 in-house, 28 in place, 14 in progress, 15, 29 stopping, 14 type of, 58 Workers availability of, 54 productivity of, 54 training, 58 Workers’ compensation insurance, 16, 51, 58 Workforce stable, 57INDEX Working capital, 16 conditions, poor, 64 days, 14 drawings, 26 space, 81, 178 Workmanship, 25 Workshops, 45 Workup sheet, 28, 31, 33–34, 36 brick, 126 cut and fill, 68, 74, 75 flooring, 155 masonry, 133, 135 reinforcing, 105–106 roof, 169 structural steel, 138 wood wall, 164 Writing skills, 6 WWF, 100