Building Construction Handbook

NDEX Access for disabled, 4924 Access to sites, 88 Accommodation on sites, 8990 Active earth pressures, 251, 2634 Adhesives, 556 Admixtures, 272, 356 Aerated concrete floor units, 673 Aggregate samples, 108 Air lock hopper, 230 Air test, 765, 783 Air tightness, infiltration and permeability, 477, 480, 4834, 491, 559 Alternating tread stair, 692 Aluminium alloy infill panels, 598 Aluminium alloy windows, 382, 384 Anchor bars, 500 Anchor straps, 462, 660 Anchorages, 270, 5279, 531, 588 Angle Piling, 300 Angledozers, 171 Angles: structural steel, 5323 surveying, 131 Angles of repose, 250, 2634, 279, 281 Annexed buildings, 3301 Anti-shear studs, 499 Apex hinges, 551 Approved Documents, 535 Approved inspector, 53, 568 Apron cladding panels, 608 Apron flashing, 8067 Arches, 35861 Asphalt tanking, 2745 Asymmetric beam, 677 Attached piers, 3256, 32930 Augers, 78, 2324 Automatic level, 129 Axial grid, 48 Axonometric projection, 24 Backacter/hoe, 33, 170, 177, 179, 268 Backgutter, 806 Backshore, 155 Balanced flue, 799 Balloon frame, 404 Balusters, 685, 68891, 6945, 698, 704, 706, 708 Balustrade, 13, 6989, 704, 7068 Bar chart, 34, 88 Bargeboard, 565 Barrel vaults, 9, 5802 Basement excavation, 2658 Basement insulation, 277 Basement waterproofing, 2726 Basements, 54, 26577 Basic forms and types of structure, 510 Basic formwork, 51420 Basic module grid, 47 Basic roof forms, 41719 Basins, 778 Batch mixers, 199200 Baths, 779 Bay window, 376 Beam and block floor, 6501, 674 Beam and pot floor, 674 Beam and slab raft, 226 Beam formwork, 51517 Beam to column connection, 524, 5378 Beam design: concrete, 5013 steel, 5446 timber, 6636 Beams, 500, 5334, 5534, 5579, 666, 6767 Bearing piles, 228 Beech, 738 Belfast truss, 5735 Benchmark, 71, 125, 12730 Bending moment, 544, 549, 664 Bentonite, 231, 30910 Bib tap, 774 Binder, 730 Binders/binding  reinforcement, 226, 500, 5046 Binders/binding  shoring, 155, 267 Birdcage scaffold, 148 Block bonding, 621 Block plan, 27, 42 Block walls, 6215 Blockboard, 739 Bloom base, 225, 539 Boarded web girder, 557 Bolection moulding, 736 Bolt box, 522, 537, 539 813Index Bolted connections, 5378, 541 Bolts  types, 541 Bonding, bricks, 3239 Bonnet tiles, 431, 437 Boot lintels, 362 Bore hole, 72, 80 Borrowed light, 634 Bottom shore, 155 Bowstring truss, 573, 575 Box beam, 557 Box caisson, 292 Box pile foundation, 236, 240 Braced structures, 561 Breather membrane, 40910, 415, 430, 4346 Bressummer beam, 666 Brick: corbel, 3356, 805, 807 dentil, 336 dog-tooth, 336 infill panels, 597 internal walls, 621 jointing and pointing, 332 panel walls, 594 plinths, 3345 purpose made, 334 retaining walls, 2489, 2523, 2589 specials, 3334 strength, 3534 testing, 106 underpinning, 2956 Brick bonding: attached piers, 3256, 329 English bond, 323, 325, 761 Flemish bond, 326 principles, 324 quetta bond, 2589 special bonds, 258, 3234, 3278 stack bond, 328 stretcher bond, 324 zipper bond, 323 Brickwork cladding support, 595 Bridging of dpc’s, 349 British Standards, 63 Brown field, 318 Buckling factor, 507 Builders plant, 168204 Building control, 568 Building Regulations, 5361 Building Regulations: application, 61 applied, 54 approval, 57 Approved Documents, 54 building notice, 56, 59 competent persons, 57 814 compliance, 58 control, 56 exemptions, 60 full plans, 56, 59, 61 regularisation, 59 validation, 59 Building Research Establishment, 66 Building surveyor, 2832 Built environment, 24 Built-up roofing felt, 44851 Bulk density of soil, 86 Bulking of sand, 107 Bulldozer, 171 Busbar, 7901 Butt weld, 540 Cab crane control, 194 Cable sizing, 794 Caissons, 2923 Calculated brickwork, 3535 Calculation of storage space, 102 Camber arch, 359 Cantilever: beam, 5, 500 foundations, 227 retaining wall, 254 scaffold, 150 stairs, 697, 703 structures, 560 Capita Group, 479 Cap tendons, 528 Carbon emissions, 32, 4813 Carbon index, 481 Cartridge fuse, 794 Cased pile foundation, 241 Casein adhesive, 556 Casement windows: ironmongery, 371 metal, 370, 384 timber, 3689 Castellated beam, 535 Cast-in wall ties, 597 Cast insitu diaphragm walls, 270, 309 Cast insitu pile foundation, 244 Cast-on finishes, 615 Cavity barrier/closer, 350, 405, 434, 479, 48990, 606, 6278 Cavity fire stop, 6278 Cavity tray, 222, 3601 Cavity walls, 33843, 4867 Cedar, 737 Ceilings: plasterboard, 642, 725, 727 suspended, 7269 Cellular basement, 269 Cement, 2845, 354, 3567Index Cement grouts, 311 Central heating, 7847 Centres, 359, 361 Certificates of ownership, 42, 46 Channel floor units, 674 Channels  structural steel, 5323 Checked rebates in walls, 365 Chemical dpc, 3478 Chemical grouts, 311 Cheshire auger, 78 Chezy formula, 766 Chimney pot, 22, 805, 809 Chimneys, 801, 8047 Chipboard, 653, 740 Circular bay window, 376 Circular column, 504 CI/SfB system, 68 Cisterns, 76972, 775, 780, 7846 Cladding panels, 5956, 61013 Clamp vibrator, 203 Classification of piled foundations, 2289 Clay cutter, 230 Clear glass, 379 Client, 50 Climbing cranes, 193, 197 Climbing formwork, 256 Closed couple roof, 422 Code for Sustainable Homes, 62 Codes of Practice, 63 Cofferdams, 2901 Coil wall ties, 255, 51920 Cold bridging, 350, 384, 4889, 651 Cold deck/roof, 448, 4501 Cold water installations, 76770 Collar roof, 422, 436 Column design, 5067, 548 Column formwork, 51718 Column to column connection, 523, 538 Column underpinning, 301 Columns, 504, 5334, 5379 Combined column foundation, 225 Combined method, 475 Combined pad foundation, 214 Combined system, 759 Combustion air, 808 Communicating information: bar chart, 34, 88 elevations, 23, 26 floor plans, 21, 23, 26, 41 isometric projection, 24 orthographic projection, 23 perspective projection, 25 sketches, 22 Compartment floor, 18, 513 Compartment wall, 18, 513, 627 Competent persons, 57 Complete excavation, 267 Completion certificate, 31 Composite beams and joists, 5579 Composite boarding, 73940 Composite floors, 499, 674 Composite lintels, 362 Composite panel, 598 Composite piled foundation, 2412 Compound sections, 534, 676 Compressed strawboard, 739 Compressible joints, 594, 61012, 624, 7012 Concrete: admixtures, 272 beam design, 5013 claddings, 60713 column design, 5067 floor screed, 6567 mixers, 199200 placing, 2023 production, 2849 pumps, 202 slab design, 5013 stairs, 696704 surface defects, 616 surface finishes, 61415 test cubes, 109 testing, 11012 Concrete production: designated mix, 288 designed mix, 288 materials, 284 prescribed mix, 288 site storage, 90, 285 specification, 288 standard mix, 288 supply, 289 volume batching, 286 weight (weigh) batching, 287 Concreting, 198 Concreting plant, 199204 Conductivity, 4701 Conduit and fittings, 7923 Conoid roof, 9, 582 Consolidation of soil, 87 Construction activities, 19, 34 Construction, Design and Management Regs., 4950 Construction joints, 135, 273, 624, 654 Construction Products Directive, 65 Construction Regulations, 4950 Consumer control unit, 78891, 7956 Contaminated subsoil, 31819 Contiguous piling, 308 Continuous column foundations, 224 Contraction joints, 135, 624 815Index Controlling dimensions, 48 Controlling grid and lines, 478 Cooker circuit cable, 794 Coping stones, 248, 2523, 341 Corbelled brickwork, 3356, 805, 807 Core drilling, 79 Core structures, 561 Cored floor units, 674 CORGI, 479 Cor-ply beam, 557 Cornice, 736 Corrugated sheet, 5648 Coulomb’s line, 86 Coulomb’s wedge theory, 264 Counter batten, 415, 430, 4356 Couple roof, 422 Cove mouldings, 641, 725 Cover flashing, 806 CPI System of Coding, 67 Cracking in walls, 2078, 211 Cradles, 149 Crane operation, 194 Crane rail track, 196 Crane skips, 198, 201 Cranes, 18697 Cranked slab stairs, 696, 702 Crawler crane, 190 Crib retaining wall, 260 Crosswall construction, 4003 Crown hinges, 551 Curtain walling, 6036 Curved laminated timber, 555 Curved tendons, 528 Cut and fill, 70, 278 Cylinders  hot water, 776 Dado panel and rail, 736 Damp proof course, 34450 Damp proof course materials, 3456 Damp proof membrane, 344, 351, 6478, 657 Datum, 12530 Datum post, 125, 128 Dead loads, 356, 159, 218 Dead shoring, 1534, 15960 Death Watch beetle, 463 Decorative suspended ceiling, 729 Decorative roof/wall tiles, 413 Deep basements, 2701 Deep strip foundation, 213, 224 Defects in painting, 733 Deflection, 496, 546, 557, 665 Demolition, 1626 Demountable partitions, 6345 Dense monolithic concrete, 272 Dentil course, 336 816 Density of materials, 36, 4701 Designer, 50 Desk study, 72 Dewatering, 3026 Diaphragm floatvalve, 774 Diaphragm walls, 2701, 30910, 343 Diesel hammers, 246 Dimensional coordination, 478 Dimensional grids, 478 Direct cold water system, 769 Direct hot water system, 771 Displacement pile foundation, 228, 23644 Disturbed soil sample, 734, 77 Documents for construction, 20 Dog leg stair, 6934 Dog toothed brickwork, 336 Domelights, 593 Domes, 9, 5789 Domestic drainage, 74666 Domestic electrical installations, 78896 Domestic floor finishes, 6523 Domestic ground floors, 64751 Domestic heating systems, 7847 Doors: external, 3914 fire, 71923 frames, 394, 71722 glazed double swing, 724 industrial, 3969 internal, 391, 71524 ironmongery, 395 linings, 715, 717 performance, 391 sliding, 3968 types, 3923 Door set, 71819 Dormer window, 419, 4568 Double acting hammers, 246 Double action floor spring, 724 Double flying shore, 157 Double glazing, 369, 375, 3815 Double hung sash windows, 367, 3723 Double lap roof tiling, 4304, 4378 Double lap wall tiling, 41014 Double layer grids, 578 Double rafter roof, 423 Double swing doors, 724 Douglas fir, 737 Dovetail anchor slots, 594, 597 Draft for Development, 63 Draglines, 178 Drainage: effluent, 746 gradient, 7634, 766 paved areas, 751 pipe sizes, 766Index proportional depth, 766 rainwater, 7546 roads, 7523 roofs, 750 simple, 75764 systems, 75760 testing, 765 Drained cavities, 276 Draught proofing, 491 Drawings: axonometric projection, 24 construction process, 21 hatchings, symbols and notation, 3841 isometric projection, 24 orthographic projection, 23 perspective projection, 25 plans and elevations, 26 sketches, 22 Drier, 730 Drilling rigs, 2303 Driven insitu piled foundations, 243 Drop arch, 359 Drop hammer, 230, 238, 2413, 245 Dry linings, 63941 Dry rot, 1212 Dumpers, 181, 201 Dumpling, 266 Dynamic compaction, 313, 316 Earth pressures, 251, 2634 Earthworks for roads, 1323 Eaves: closure piece, 5656 details, 4335, 4401, 446, 448, 451, 485 filler piece, 5656 gutter, 433, 4401, 485, 568, 750, 754 ventilation, 4334, 4401, 448, 451, 45961 Effective height of walls, 355 Effective length of columns, 507, 548 Effective thickness of walls, 353, 355 Effluents, 746 Electrical cables, 794 Electrical installations, 7926 Electrical site lighting, 946 Electricity: domestic supply, 78891 supply to sites, 97 Elevations, 23, 26 End bearing pile foundation, 228 Energy efficiency, 32, 4778, 4834 Energy performance certificate, 32 Energy rating, 32, 477, 4801 Energy roof system, 567 English bond, 323, 325, 761 Environment, 24 Equivalent area, 5067 Espagnolette, 375 European spruce, 737 European Standards, 64 Excavating machines, 1759, 268 Excavations: basement, 2658 dewatering, 303, 306 oversite, 278 pier holes, 279 reduced level, 278 setting out, 1256 trench, 279 temporary support, 2813 Expansion joint, 135, 273, 581, 5945, 610, 61213, 624, 652 Exposed aggregate, 61415 External asphalt tanking, 274 External doors, 3914 External envelope, 17, 322 External escape stairs, 705 Eyebrow dormer window, 458 Facade bracing, 140 Face grid, 48 Face shovel, 176, 268 Facings to panel walls, 596 Factories Acts, 49 Fencing, 8993, 100, 123 FENSA, 57 Festoon lighting, 96 Fibreboard, 740 Field study, 72 Fillet weld, 53740, 676 Finger joint, 553 Finishes, 14, 61415, 6368, 6523, 7203 Fin wall, 342 Fire back, 803, 808 Fire doors, 71923 Fire doorsets and assemblies, 719 Fire protection of masonry walls, 626 Fire protection of steelwork, 5423, 633 Fire protection of timber floors, 667 Fire resistance, 350, 5423, 626, 633, 667, 720 Fire resistance of steelwork, 542 Fire resistance/insulation, 667, 720 Fire resistance/integrity, 350, 667, 720 Fire resisting doors, 722 Fire stops and seals, 6278, 810 Fireplaces and flues, 8009 Fish plates, 538 Fixed portal frame, 54950, 552 Flashings, 341, 438, 449, 451, 8067 817Index Flat roofs, 417, 44756, 461, 466 Flat sawn timber, 554 Flat slabs, 4968, 668 Flat top girder, 569, 572 Flemish bond, 326 Flexible paving, 133 Flight auger, 78, 234 Flitch beam, 557 Float valves, 7745 Floating floor, 651, 6834 Floating pile foundation, 228 Floor plans, 26, 41 Floor springs, 724 Floors: domestic ground, 64751 finishes, 6523 fixings, 672 flat slab, 4968, 668 hollow pot, 6712 insitu RC suspended, 4968, 668 large cast insitu, 6545 loads, 37 precast concrete, 6735 ribbed, 66970 screeds, 6478, 6567 sound insulation, 67980, 6834 suspended concrete ground, 352, 6501 suspended timber ground, 547, 549 suspended timber upper, 65863, 667 waffle, 66970 Flue blocks, 800, 809 Flue lining, 8001, 803, 8056, 808 Flush bored pile foundation, 229, 231 Fly jib, 18990 Flying shore, 153, 1568 Folded plate construction, 8, 587 Footpaths, 136 Forklift truck, 182 Formwork: beams, 51517 columns, 51718 principles, 514 slab, 498 stairs, 700 walls, 51920 Foundation hinges, 551 Foundations: basic sizing, 216 beds, 215 calculated sizing, 218 defects, 2079 design procedure, 21618, 223 functions, 205 grillage, 225 isolated pad, 225 piled, 221, 23047 818 raft, 2223 short bored piled, 221, 22830 simple reinforced, 220 stepped, 219 strip width guide, 217 subsoil movement, 20710 types, 2237 Four-in-one bucket, 174 Four wheeled grader, 173 Framed structures, 500, 504, 5214, 5379, 560 Freyssinet anchorage, 529 Friction hinge, 375 Friction piling, 228 Frieze, 736 Frodingham box pile, 240 Frodingham sheet pile, 291 Full height casting, 255 Fungicide, 122 Furniture beetle, 463 Gabion wall, 262 Gable end roof, 41820 Gambrel roof, 419, 427 Gantry crane, 191 Gantry girder, 534 Gantry scaffolding, 152 Garage, 3301 Garden wall bonds, 327 Gas: fires, 799 flues, 799800, 809 service intake, 7978 supply, 7978 Gas resistant membranes, 3512, 651 Gas Safe Register, 57, 479 Gate valve, 7745 Gauge box, 286 Geodistic dome, 578 Girders, 534, 569, 5712 Glass and glazing, 37988 Glass block wall, 38990 Glass manifestation, 388 Glazed cladding, 6012 Gluelam, 5536 Grab bucket, 178 Graders, 173 Granular soil shell, 230 Green field, 318, 351 Green roof, 4656 Grillage foundation, 225 Groins, 582 Ground anchors, 270, 310, 531, 588 Ground freezing, 312 Ground vibration, 31315 Ground water, 70, 72, 80, 302Index Ground water control, 30312 Grouting-subsoil, 311 Grouting-tiles, 646 Guard rail, 1413, 145, 147, 1501 Gusset base, 539 Gusset plate, 552, 563, 566 Half hour fire door, 720 Hammer head junction, 132 Hand auger, 78 Hand auger holes, 73 Handrail, 6856, 688, 690, 6935, 6989, 7046, 708, 71011 Hardwoods, 738 Half space landing, 6934 Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act, 49, 51 Hearths, 8013, 808 Helical binding, 5045 Helical stairs, 698 Helmets, 238, 242 Hemispherical dome, 579 Herringbone strutting, 659 HETAS, 479 High performance window, 369 Highway dumpers, 181 Hinge or pin joints, 5489, 551 Hipped roof, 41821 Hip tiles, 431, 437 Home Information Pack, 32 Hoardings, 8993 Hoists, 1834 Holding down bolts, 522, 537, 539, 5512 Hollow box floor units, 673 Hollow pot floor, 6712 Hollow steel sections, 5323 Horizontal shore, 1567 Horizontal sliding sash window, 374 Hot water: cylinders, 76973, 776 direct system, 771 expansion vessel, 772 heating systems, 7847 indirect system, 772 mains fed, 773 House Longhorn beetle, 463 Hull core structures, 561 Hyperbolic paraboloid roof, 9, 5835, 588 Immersion heater cable, 794 Imposed floor load, 37 Inclined slab stair, 696, 699 Independent scaffold, 124 Indirect cold water system, 770 Indirect cylinder, 7723, 776 Indirect hot water system, 772 Industrial doors, 3969 Infill panel walls, 5969 Inspection chambers, 746, 752, 757639 Insulating dpc, 350, 489 Insulation of basements, 277 Insulation  fire, 720 Insulation  sound, 67984 Insulation  thermal, 46791 Integrity  fire, 720, 722 Interest on capital outlay costing, 169 Internal asphalt tanking, 275 Internal doors, 391, 71623 Internal drop hammer, 230, 241, 243 Internal elements, 618 Internal environment, 2 Internal partitions, 62935 Internal walls: block, 6229, 6801 brick, 621, 6269, 6801 functions, 619 plaster finish, 6368 plasterboard lining, 6324, 63944 types, 620 International Standards, 64 Intumescent collar, 810 Intumescent strips/seals, 7203 Inverted warm deck, 450 Iroko, 738 Ironmongery, 371, 375, 395, 719 Isolated foundations, 214, 225 Isometric projection, 24 Jack pile underpinning, 297 Jambs, 344, 350, 363, 365, 4889, 491 Jarrah, 738 Jet grouting, 311, 313, 317 Jetted sumps, 304 Jetted well points, 3056 Joinery production, 7348 Joinery timbers, 7378 Jointing and pointing, 332 Jointless suspended ceiling, 727 Joints: basements, 273 blockwork, 6213 cladding, 61013 drainage, 764 laminated timber, 553 portal frame, 54952 roads, 135 Joists: timber, 559, 649, 65867 steel, 5334 Joist sizing  timber, 658, 6635 Joist sizing  steel, 5446 819Index Kerbs, 137 Kelly bar, 2314 Kentledge, 149, 247, 301 Kitemark, 63 Laboratory analysis of soils, 72, 812, 857 Ladders, 1412, 145 Laminated timber, 5536 Land caissons, 292 Land reclamation, 318 Landings, 693706 Lantern lights, 592 Large diameter piled foundations, 229, 233 Larssen sheet piling, 291 Latent defects, 28 Lateral restraint, 462, 65861 Lateral support  basements, 271 Lateral support  walls, 425, 462, 658, 6612 Lattice beam, 426, 536, 557, 569, 5712 Lattice girder, 536 Lattice jib crane, 189 Lattice truss, 426, 559, 56975 Leader  piling rig, 238 Lean-to roof, 418, 422, 461 Lens light, 592 Levelling, 12931 Lift casting, 256 Lighting: cable, 794 circuits, 794, 796 sites, 946 Lightweight decking, 577 Lightweight infill panels, 596, 5989 Limiting U values, 478, 4834 Lintels, 358, 362, 365, 621, 625 Litzka beam, 535 Load-bearing concrete panels, 607 Load-bearing partitions, 618, 6202, 629 Local authority building control, 578 Locating services, 124 Loft hatch, 491 Long span roofs, 56978 Loop ties, 257 Lorries, 180 Lorry mounted cranes, 1889 Loss Prevention Certification Board, 66 Low emissivity glass, 383, 3856 Luffing jib, 192 Lyctus Powder Post beetle, 463 Maguire’s rule, 766 Mahogany, 738 Main beams, 7, 16, 538 820 Mandrel, 242 Manifestation of glass, 388 Manometer, 765, 783 Mansard roof, 419, 427 Masonry cement, 356 Masonry partitions, 629 Mass concrete retaining wall, 253 Mass retaining walls, 2523 Mast cranes, 192 Mastic asphalt tanking, 2745 Mastic asphalt to flat roofs, 451 Mastic sealant, 742 Materials: conductivity, 4701 density, 36, 4701 hoist, 183 storage, 8991, 1005, 2845 testing, 10619 weights, 356 Mathematical tiles, 415 Mattress retaining wall, 262 MD Insurance, 28, 58 Mechanical auger, 78 Meeting rails, 3723 Meeting stiles, 374, 724 Metal casement windows, 370 Metal section decking, 499, 677 Metal stairs, 7057 Meter box, 78890, 7978 Methane, 351 Method statement, 33 Micro-bore heating, 786 Middle shore, 155 Middle third rule, 249 Mineral insulating cable, 792 Miniature circuit breaker, 7901 Mixing concrete, 198200, 2868 Mobile cranes, 18690 Mobile scaffold, 145 Modular coordination, 478 Modular ratio, 506 Mohr’s circle, 86 Moment of resistance, 160, 544 Monitor roof, 569, 571 Monogroup cable, 526 Monolithic caissons, 292 Monopitch roof, 418, 461 Monostrand anchorage, 529 Monostrand cable, 526 Mortar mixes and strength, 354, 3567 Morticing machine, 734 Movement joint, 135, 581, 595, 61013, 624, 701 Mud-rotary drilling, 79 Multi-purpose excavators, 175, 179 Multi-span portal frames, 550, 552Index Multi-stage wellpoints, 306 Multi-storey structures, 5601 National Building Specification, 67 Needle and pile underpinning, 298 Needle design, 15960 Needles, 15360 Newel post, 685, 688, 6901, 6935, 71011 NHBC, 28, 58 Non-load-bearing partitions, 618, 620, 62934 Non-residential buildings, 3301 Northlight barrel vault, 582 Northlight roofs, 56970 Oak, 738 Oedometer, 87 OFTEC, 479 Oil based paint, 730 One hour fire door, 721 One pipe heating, 784 Open caissons, 292 Open excavations, 265 Open fireplaces, 8019 Open newel stairs, 693 Open riser stairs, 6902, 695, 703 Open suspended ceiling, 729 Open web beam, 535 Openings in walls: arches, 35861 heads, 362, 365 jambs, 363, 365 sills, 3645 support, 358 threshold, 365, 492 Oriel window, 376 Oriented strand board, 740 Orthographic projection, 23 Out-of-service crane condition, 193 Output and cycle times, 170 Overcladding, 596, 600 Overhead and forklift trucks, 182 Pad foundation, 214, 225, 504, 537, 550, 552 Pad foundation design, 216 Pad template, 127 Paint defects, 733 Paints and painting, 7303 Panelled suspended ceiling, 7278 Parallel lay cable, 526 Parallel strand beam, 558 Parana pine, 737 Parapet wall, 341 Partially preformed pile, 242 Particle board, 653, 740 Partitions: demountable, 629, 6345 load-bearing, 618, 6202, 629 metal stud, 6323 non-load-bearing, 618, 620, 62935 timber stud, 62931 Party wall, 6278 Passenger hoist, 184 Passenger vehicles, 180 Passive earth pressures, 251 Patent glazing, 5701, 5901 Patent scaffolding, 147 Paved areas  drainage, 751 Paving, 1328 Paving flags, 138 Pedestal floor, 678 Peg tile, 432 Pendentive dome, 9, 579 Penetration test, 83, 111 Percussion bored piling, 22930 Perforated beam, 535 Performance requirements: doors, 391 roofs, 416 windows, 366 Perimeter trench excavation, 266 Permanent exclusion of water, 302, 30711 Permanent formwork, 499, 677 Permitted development, 42 Perspective drawing, 25 Phenol formaldehyde, 556, 741 Pigment, 730 Pile: angle, 300 beams, 247 caps, 232, 247 classification, 228 root, 300 testing, 247 types, 229, 236 Piled basements, 269 Piled foundations, 22847 Piling: contiguous, 308 hammers, 2456 helmets, 238, 242 rigs, 238, 2412 secant, 308 steel sheet, 2901 Pillar tap, 774 Pin or hinge joint, 5489, 551 Pitch pine, 737 Pitched roofs  domestic, 416, 41846 Pitched roofs  industrial, 56270 821Index Pitched trusses, 4245, 5623, 56970 Pivot window, 367, 375 Placing concrete, 198 Plain tiles and tiling, 41014, 4304, 4378 Planer, 734 Plank and pot floor, 674 Planning application, 426 Planning grid, 47 Plant: bulldozer, 171 concreting, 198204 considerations, 89, 168 costing, 169 cranes, 18697 dumpers, 181, 201, 280 excavators, 1759, 280 forklift trucks, 182 graders, 173 hoists, 1834 scrapers, 172 skimmers, 175 tractor shovel, 174 transport vehicles, 1801 Plaster cove, 641, 725 Plaster finish, 6378, 642 Plasterboard, 470, 63944 Plasterboard ceiling, 433, 4401, 476, 485, 6834, 725 Plasterboard dry lining, 63941, 6434 Plasters, 636 Plasticiser, 356 Platform floor, 684 Platform frame, 404 Plinths, 3345 Plug wiring, 794 Plywood, 739 Pneumatic caisson, 293 Poker vibrator, 203 Poling boards, 2823 Polyurethane paint, 730 Portal frames, 54952, 555 Portsmouth float valve, 774 Post-tensioned retaining wall, 259 Post-tensioning, 259, 5289 Power circuit, 7941 Power float, 204, 6545 Precast concrete: diaphragm wall, 310 floors, 6501, 6737 frames, 5214 portal frames, 5501 stairs, 7014 Preformed concrete pile, 2389 Preservative treatment, 122, 4634, 556 Pressed steel lintels, 362, 365 822 Pressure bulbs, 756 Prestressed concrete, 270, 362, 52531 Pretensioning, 527 Primary elements, 12 Primatic cylinder, 776 Principal contractor, 50 Private sector building control, 57 Profile boards, 1267 Profiled surface, 138, 493, 614 Program of work, 34 Programmer/controller, 787 Project co-ordinator, 50 Prop design, 1601, 631 Proportional area method, 474, 476 Propped structures, 5, 560 Protection orders, 123 Public and general use stairs, 709 Public utility services, 124 Published Document, 63 Pump sizing, 303 Purlin fixings, 5658, 570 Purlin roof, 421, 423 Purpose designed excavators, 175 Purpose made joinery, 7356 Putlog scaffold, 141 Putty, 380 Pynford stool underpinning, 299 Quarter sawn timber, 554 Quarter space landing, 693 Quetta bond, 2589 Radiators, 7847 Radius of gyration, 547 Radon, 351 Raft basements, 269 Raft foundations, 2223, 226 Rail tracks for cranes, 196 Rainscreen cladding, 596, 600 Rainwater drainage, 74951, 7546 Raised access floor, 678 Raking shore, 153, 155, 158 Raking struts, 1567, 267 Rankine’s formula, 263 Rat trap bond, 327 Ready mixed concrete, 289 Ready mixed concrete truck, 201, 289 Ready mixed mortar, 357 Redwood, 737 Reinforced concrete: beams, 5002 column design, 5067 columns, 5047 floors, 499, 66872 formwork, 498, 51418, 700Index foundations, 2202, 2246 lintels, 362 pile caps and beams, 232, 247 raft foundation, 222, 226 reinforcement, 497513 retaining walls, 254 slabs, 4969, 5013 stairs, 696700 strip foundations, 220, 224 Reinforced masonry, 2589, 328, 625 Reinforcement: bar coding and schedules, 5089 concrete cover, 51213 grip length, 501, 503 materials, 51011 spacers, 512 spacing, 505 types of bar, 510 types of mesh, 511 Remedial dpc, 3478 Remote crane control, 194 Rendering, 4089 Rendhex box pile, 240 Replacement piling, 22834 Residual current device, 791 Resin grout, 311 Resorcinol formaldehyde, 556, 739 Restraint straps, 462, 65861 Retaining walls, 24864 Retaining walls  design, 2634 Retro-ties and studs, 661 Reversing drum mixer, 200 Ribbed floor, 66970, 684 Rider, 155 Ridge detail, 4334, 4401, 446, 566, 568, 570 Ridge piece, 5656, 568, 570 Ridge roll, 446 Ridge tiles, 4334, 437, 4401 Ridge ventilation, 434, 45961 Rigid pavings, 1345 Rigid portal frames, 54950, 552 Ring final circuit wiring, 795 Rising damp, 3469 Roads: construction, 1325 drainage, 7523 earthworks, 133 edgings, 1367 footpaths, 136 forms, 134 gullies, 7513 joints, 135 kerbs, 137 landscaping, 139 pavings, 138 services, 139 setting out, 132 signs, 139 Robust Details Ltd., 58 Rolled steel joist, 533 Roll over crane skip, 198 Roller shutters, 396, 399 Roofs and roof covering: basic forms, 41719 built-up felt, 4489, 4501 flat top girder, 569, 572 garden/garden, 4656 lead sheet, 4526 long span, 56975 mastic asphalt, 451 monitor, 569, 571 northlight, 56970 performance, 416 purlin, 421, 423 sheet coverings, 5648 shells, 57986 slating, 4415 space deck, 577 space frame, 578 sprocket eaves, 429 surface water removal, 746, 74960 thatching, 446 thermal insulation, 4336, 4401, 44851, 45961, 466, 476, 4789, 4845, 5658, 570 tiling, 4304, 43740 timber flat, 417, 44856 timber pitched, 41829 trussed rafter, 425 trusses, 424, 563, 56970 underlay, 430, 4338, 4401, 4445, 4534 valley, 428 ventilation, 45961 Rooflights, 419, 569, 571, 5913 Room sealed appliance, 799 Root pile, 300 Rotary bored piling, 229, 2324 Rotational dome, 9, 579 Rubble chutes and skips, 185 Runners, 283 Saddle vault, 583 Safe bearing, 21618, 666 Safety signs, 512, 139 Sampling shells, 78 Sand bulking test, 107 Sand compaction, 315 Sand pugging, 684 Sanitary fittings: basin, 778 823Index Sanitary fittings (continued) bath, 779 discharge systems, 7812 shower, 779 sink, 778 wc pan, 780 Sanitation systems, 7813 Sanitation system testing, 783 Sapele, 738 Sarking felt, 430 Sash weights, 372 Saws, 734 Scaffolding: birdcage, 148 boards, 1413 cantilever, 150 component parts, 140, 146 fittings, 146 gantry, 152 independent, 142 ladders, 1412, 145 mobile, 145 patent, 147 putlog, 141 slung, 148 suspended, 149 truss-out, 151 tying-in, 144 working platform, 143 Scarf joint, 553 Scrapers, 172 Screed, 6478, 6578 Sealants, 7424 Secant piling, 308 Secondary beams, 7, 16, 538 Secondary elements, 13 Secondary glazing, 382 Section factor, 543 Section/elastic modulus, 160, 544 SEDBUK, 478 Segmental arch, 359 Self propelled crane, 187 Self supporting static crane, 1934 Separate system, 758, 760 Separating wall, 18, 627 Services fire stops and seals, 810 Setting out: angles, 127, 131 bases, 127 basic outline, 125 drainage, 764 grids, 127 levelling, 12930 reduced levels, 128 roads, 132 theodolite, 127, 131 824 trenches, 126 Shear, 499500, 545, 666 Shear bars, 500 Shear box, 87 Shear leg rig, 789, 230 Shear plate connector, 576 Shear strength of soils, 857 Shear strength of timber, 666 Shear wall structures, 561 Sheathed cables, 792 Sheet coverings, 5648 Shell roofs, 57986 Shoring, 15360 Short bored pile foundation, 221 Shower, 779 Shutters, 399 Sight rails, 1278, 132, 764 Sills, 3645, 36870, 3726, 384, 386 Silt test for sand, 108 Simple drainage: bedding, 764 inspection chambers, 75763 jointing, 764 roads, 7523 setting out, 764 systems, 75760 Simply supported RC slabs, 4968 Single acting hammer, 245 Single barrel vault, 580 Single flying shore, 153, 156 Single lap tiles and tiling, 43940 Single span portal frames, 54952, 555 Single stack drainage, 781 Sink, 778 Site: construction activities, 19 electrical supply, 97 health and welfare, 99 investigations, 712, 74, 313 layout, 8890 lighting, 946 materials testing, 10619 offices, 8990, 98, 103 plan, 21, 27, 42 preparation, 31819 security, 89, 91 setting out, 12532 soil investigations, 729 storage, 1005, 2845 survey, 70, 72, 318 Sitka spruce, 737 Six wheeled grader, 173 Sixty minute fire door, 721 Sketches, 22 Skimmer, 175 Skips, 185Index Slab base, 539 Slates and slating, 4415 Slenderness ratio, 1601, 355, 547 Sliding doors, 3968 Sliding sash windows, 3724 Slump test, 109 Slung scaffold, 148 Small diameter piled foundation, 221, 22932 Smoke seal, 722 Smoke test, 783 Snow loading, 218, 544 Soakaway, 756 Soakers, 41112, 438, 444, 806 Socket outlets, 7945 Softwoods, 737 Soil: assessment, 817 classification, 813, 217 investigation, 709, 313 nailing, 261 particle size, 81 samples, 73 stabilization and improvement, 31317 testing, 817 washing, 319 Solid block walls, 337, 622, 6246, 6802 Solid brick walls, 32331, 6267 Solid slab raft, 226 Solvent, 730 Sound insulating: floors, 680, 6834 walls, 6802 Sound insulation, 67984 Sound reduction, 381, 679 Space deck, 10, 577 Space frame, 10, 578 Spindle moulder, 734 Spine beam stairs, 703 Spiral stair, 695, 698, 704, 706, 71314 Splice joint, 552 Splicing collar, 2389 Split barrel sampler, 83 Split load consumer unit, 791 Split ring connector, 576 Spruce, 737 Stack bond, 328 Stairs: alternating tread, 692 balusters, 685, 68891, 6945, 698, 704, 706, 708 balustrade, 13, 6989, 704, 7068 formwork, 700 handrail, 6856, 688, 690, 6935, 6989, 7046, 708, 71011 insitu RC, 696700 metal, 7057 open riser, 6902, 695, 703 precast concrete, 7014 public, 709 timber, 68595 Standard Assessment Procedure, 32, 477, 481 Standard dumper, 181, 201 Standing crane skip, 198 Star rating, 62 Steel: beam, 5335, 538, 6767 beam design, 5446 bolt connections, 541 cold rolled sections, 532 column, 5334 column design, 547 compound sections, 534, 676 fire protection, 5423 frame construction, 4067 gantry girder, 534 grillage, 225 hot rolled sections, 533 lattice beams, 536 portal frames, 552 roof trusses, 5623, 566, 56971 screw pile, 240 sheet piling, 2901 standard sections, 5323 string stairs, 707 tube pile, 241 web lattice joist, 559 welding, 53940 Stepped barrel vault, 582 Stepped flashing, 438, 807 Stepped foundation, 219 Stock holding policy, 103 Stop valve, 76770, 774 Storage of materials, 90, 1005, 2845 Storey height cladding, 613 Straight flight stairs, 68592, 701 Straight line costing, 169 Straight mast forklift truck, 182 Strand, 526 Strawboard, 739 Stress reduction in walls, 355 Stretcher bond, 258, 324 String beam stair, 697 Strip foundations, 213, 21619 Stripboard, 739 Structural glazing, 6012 Structural grid, 47 Structure: basic forms, 710 basic types, 56 825Index Structure (continued) functions, 1516 protection orders, 123 Strut design, 161, 631 Strutting of floors, 659 Stud partitions, 62933 Subsoil: drainage, 7478, 752 movements, 20711 water, 70, 72, 80, 302 Substructure, 11 Sump pumping, 303 Supply and storage of concrete, 198 Supported static tower crane, 193, 195 Surcharging of soil, 313 Surface water, 302, 746, 74953 Surface water removal, 74951 Survey: defects, 2832, 211 desk, 72 field, 72 site, 702, 74, 313, 318 structure, 2832 thermographic, 484 walk-over, 72 Suspended ceilings, 7269 Suspended scaffold, 149 Suspended structures, 560 Suspended timber ground floors, 647, 649 Suspended timber upper floors, 65863, 667 Sustainability, 62 Sustainable demolition, 166 Swivel skip dumper, 181 Tactile pavings, 138 Tamping board vibrator, 203 Tapered treads, 695, 698, 704, 706, 71012 Teak, 738 Telephone installation, 81112 Telescopic boom forklift truck, 182 Telescopic crane, 188 Temporary bench mark, 125, 1279 Temporary exclusion of water, 3036 Temporary services, 89 Tendons, 261, 526 Tenoning machine, 734 Test cubes, 109 Testing of materials, 10619 Textured surfaces, 614 Thatched roof, 446 Theodolite, 127, 131 Thermal break, 384 Thermal bridging, 479, 48890 Thermal conductivity, 468, 4704, 476 Thermal insulation, 46791 Thermal resistance, 4679, 4736 826 Thin grouted membranes, 307 Thinners, 730 Thirty minute fire door, 720 Three axle scraper, 172 Three centre arch, 359 Three pin portal frame, 549 Tile hanging/cladding, 41015 Tilting drum mixer, 199200 Tilting level, 129 Timber: beam design, 6636 beam notching, 666 casement windows, 3689 connectors, 5756 doors, 3914, 3978, 7156, 718, 7203 flat roofs, 417, 44756 frame construction, 4045 girders, 572 grade markings, 113 hardwoods, 738 joinery production, 7348 pile foundation, 2367 pitched roofs, 416, 41830, 4338, 4401, 462 preservation, 122, 4634 sizes and finishes, 120 softwoods, 737 stairs, 68595 storage, 105 strength classes/properties, 11415 stud partition, 62931 trestle, 241 truss, 4245, 5736 visual strength grading/characteristics, 11619 Timbering trenches, 2823 Tooled surface, 614 Toothed plate connector, 424, 5756 Top shore, 155, 158 Towed scraper, 172 Tower cranes, 90, 186, 1936 Tower scaffold, 145 Track mounted crane, 190 Tractor shovel, 174 TRADA, 55, 113 Traditional strip foundation, 213, 224 Traditional underpinning, 2946 Translational dome, 9, 579 Translucent glass, 379 Transport vehicles, 1801 Transporting concrete, 198, 201 Traveller, 1268, 764 Travelling tower crane, 193, 196 Tree protection, 123, 210 Trees  foundation damage, 2089Index Tremie pipe, 231, 309 Trench fill foundation, 213, 224 Trench setting out, 126 Trench sheeting, 283, 2901 Trial pits, 734, 77 Triangle of forces, 249, 264 Triangular chart, 82 Triaxial compression test, 86 Triple glazing, 3856 Tripod rig, 789, 230 Truss out scaffold, 151 Trussed purlin, 426, 557 Trussed rafter roof, 425 Tubular scaffolding, 14052 Two axle scraper, 172 Two pin portal frame, 549 Two pipe heating, 785 Tying-in scaffolding, 144 U U U U U U value calculations, 46776 value limits, 478, 4834 value objectives, 4789, 4834 value targets, 478, 484 value weighted average, 4789, 484 values, 381, 383, 46776, 47880, 4834, 4867, 567 Unconfined compression test, 85 Undercoat, 731 Underlay, 430, 4338, 4401, 4445, 4534 Underpinning, 294301 Under-reaming, 233 Undersill cladding panels, 608 Undisturbed soil sample, 734, 77, 856 Universal beam, 533 Universal bearing pile, 240 Universal column, 533 Universal excavator, 175 Urea formaldehyde, 556, 741 Vacuum dewatering, 655 Valley beam, 570 Valley gutter, 440, 568, 570 Valley tiles, 431, 437 Valves and taps, 774 Vane test, 84 Vans, 180 Vapour check plasterboard, 433, 4356, 440, 448, 451, 459, 642 Vapour control layer, 405, 407, 433, 4356, 44851, 466, 5678 Vapour permeable underlay, 40910, 415, 430, 433 Vaults, 5802 Ventilated stack discharge system, 782 Ventilation of roof space, 430, 4336, 4401, 448, 451, 45961 Ventilation spacer, 4334, 4401, 485 Verge details, 41820, 438, 449 Vertical casting, 615 Vertical laminations, 554 Vertical tile hanging, 41015 Vestibule frame, 387 Vibrating tamping beam, 203 Vibration of soil, 31315 Vibro cast insitu piling, 244 Volume batching, 286 Walings, 2823 Walk-over syrvey, 72 Wall hooks, 155, 1578 Wall plates, 1558, 4229, 4335, 4401, 446, 448, 451, 462, 485, 649 Wall profiles, 623 Wallboard, 6412 Walls: cavity, 33843, 4867 curtain, 6036 design strength, 3534 diaphragm, 2701, 30910, 343 fin, 342 formwork, 2557, 51920 glass block, 38990 infill panel, 5969 internal, 61929, 6802 openings, 35865 panelling, 736 remedial work, 661 retaining, 24864 rising dampness, 3469 slenderness ratio, 160, 355 solid block, 337, 622, 6246, 6802 solid brick, 32331, 6802 sound insulation, 6802 thermal insulation, 46871, 4745, 4789, 484, 4867 thickness, 3301, 353, 355 tiling, 41015, 6456 underpinning, 294300 waterproofing basements, 2726 Warm deck/roof, 436, 44850 Wash boring, 79 Water bar, 2737, 394 Water based paint, 730 Water/cement ratio, 272, 287 Water closet pan, 780 Water installations: cisterns, 76972, 775, 780, 7846 cold, 76770 hot, 7702 pipe joints, 777 827Index Water installations (continued) supply, 7678 valves and taps, 774 Water jetting, 3046, 315 Water table, 70, 72, 80, 302 Water test, 765 Waterproofing basements, 2726 Weatherboarding, 410 Web cleats, 5378 Weep holes, 24854, 362, 365 Weight batching, 287 Weights of materials, 356 Welded connections, 53740 Wellpoint systems, 3056 Western hemlock, 737 Western red cedar, 737 Wet rot, 1212 Winchester cutting, 414 Windows: aluminium casement, 384 bay, 376 double glazing, 369, 375, 3815 energy rating, 480 glass and glazing, 37988 high performance, 369 ironmongery, 371 metal casement, 370 notation, 378 828 oriel, 376 performance requirements, 366 pivot, 367, 375 schedules, 377 secondary glazing, 382 sliding sash, 3724 timber casement, 3689 triple glazing, 383, 3856 types, 367 uPVC, 386 Windsor probe test, 111 Wired glass, 379, 723 Wiring systems, 7956 Wood cement board, 740 Wood rot, 1212 Wood wool, 740 Woodworm, 4634 Woodworking machinery, 734 Working platform, 143 Wrought iron dogs, 154, 1567 Yokes, 518 Zed beam, 532, 565, 5678 Zero carbon home, 62 Zipper bond, 323 Zones, 48