Abstract The necessity of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) is
discussed in relation to the food, resource, and environment trilemma. The definition
and main components of the PFAL are described. The number of PFALs in the
world, the production cost and wholesale price of the produce, and the plants suited
to PFALs are briefly introduced. The main objectives of this book are described, and
the image and expected ultimate functions of the smart PFAL are discussed.